Explainable DNN for smart contract vulnerability detection in the Metaverse

초록

Smart Contracts (SCs), which are the backbone of automated transactions and digital assets within the Metaverse, ironically suffer from their own share of security vulnerabilities. While detecting these SC vulnerabilities using Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) has demonstrated remarkable performance and gained wide adoption, a critical limitation remains: the lack of explainability in these black box models. To facilitate meaningful progress in this field, our study addresses this gap by introducing a model-agnostic explanation framework that is both visual and quantitative, with human stakeholders actively involved to govern, verify, and interpret SC model predictions. The explainable SC outputs can be utilized for reward issuance and digital assets governance in the Metaverse. The effectiveness of our proposed Explainable AI (XAI) approach is validated using benchmark datasets, BCCC SCsVul 2024 and BCCC SCsVul 2023, comprising Ethereum SC entropy source codes, where it achieves an optimal detection accuracy of 97.13% alongside comprehensive explainability. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first attempt at making Ethereum SC vulnerability detection within the Metaverse explainable, offering a valuable foundation for blockchain researchers, Metaverse security experts, and practitioners seeking verifiable, trustworthy, and auditable Ethereum SC vulnerability detection. (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Shandong University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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