Hybrid Ni-Zn ferrite/graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposites integrating energy storage capability and biological compatibility

초록

Nanocomposites were fabricated by incorporating NixZn1-xFe2O4 (x = 0.1 and 0.3) nanoparticles into a graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) matrix and were labeled as NZFGCN-1 and NZFGCN-2. A systematic investigation was carried out to evaluate their physicochemical characteristics, magnetic properties, electrochemical behavior, and biological compatibility. XRD analysis proved the successful construction of a multiphase consisting of g-C3N4, NiFe2O4, and ZnFe2O4, with NZFGCN-2 exhibiting comparatively improved crystallinity. Microscopic (TEM) examinations demonstrated that quasi-spherical ferrite nanoparticles, ranging from 10 to 11 nm in size, were uniformly distributed and firmly supported on the layered g-C3N4 framework, forming stable interfacial contacts at the nanoscale. XPS spectroscopy confirmed the presence of Ni2+ and Zn2+ in their divalent states, Fe3+ species, and a nitrogen-enriched carbon network. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated high thermal resistance up to similar to 500 degrees C, with substantial residual mass retained at elevated temperatures. Surface area and porosity assessments based on nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms revealed mesoporous structures in both samples, while NZFGCN-1 displayed a comparatively larger specific surface area, greater pore volume, and improved dispersion stability. Magnetic measurements established superparamagnetic characteristics for both nanocomposites with similar saturation magnetization (Ms) values, whereas electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis suggested differences in spin interactions and magnetic exchange behavior. Electrochemical studies revealed predominant pseudocapacitive charge storage, with NZFGCN-1 achieving a specific capacitance (Cs) of 35 F g(-1) at 0.5 A g(-1) and exhibiting lower charge-transfer resistance, reflecting enhanced ion diffusion and interfacial kinetics. Cytotoxicity evaluations demonstrated favorable biocompatibility, as cell viability remained above 80% for both normal mouse muscle fibroblast (BLO-11) and human pancreatic carcinoma (PANC-1) cell lines, even at concentrations up to 1000 mu g mL(-1). Overall, the findings demonstrate that NiZn ferrite/g-C3N4 nanocomposites combine electrochemical performance, magnetic functionality, thermal stability, and biological safety, highlighting their promise for next-generation energy storage systems and multifunctional biomedical applications.

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